Problem and developing insurance markets may consist in the absence
necessary purchasing power of the insured. Solution to this problem
depends on the one hand, the growth of purchasing power and financial
viability of economic agents, on the other hand - Extension
purchasing power of insurance services possible and by some measures,
taken by the government at the national level on a scale of macroeconomics of the country.
For example, permission to vyupochenie in expenses deducted from the proceeds
from the production and sale of goods, works and services, the cost of property insurance
Dramatically expanded the possibilities
businesses and organizations to purchase insurance. In the same way as the demand for
insurance services can be stimulated by a resolution to exclude from taxable
revenue base grayaodan expenses for payment of premiums on life insurance contracts,
health insurance and other social insurance. Specialists pay
attention to the fact that the demand for insurance services is subjective in nature, ie
largely recognized need to provide insurance protection can not be
implemented in the form of acquisition of insurance services due to lack of awareness of consumers about
availability of such services, its consumer quality, efficiency, cost, etc. It
circumstance requires that insurers conduct marketing activities to
on the “awakening latent needs to cover the insurance risk.”

Offer insurance services provided by the presence of insurance companies, rather
professional and financially stable, able to meet the needs
potential in the insurance policyholders. Important factors of market

 
SC Insurance Services is the interest of investors for the establishment of insurance companies, the presence of
the statistical and information base for the calculation of insurance rates and
possibility to assess the insurance risk, the efficient functioning of financial markets,
allows to guarantee the return of investment and profitability of insurance companies,
and the availability of professional managers, insurance companies and specialists
in the underwriting of insurance services.

Like any other market goods, works and services, insurance market
subject to cyclical fluctuations in economic laws in the growth and decline
prices for insurance services. The following diagram illustrates the evolution of the

Features of economic cycles in the insurance market are determined by the following
factors:

- Attraction of excess capital in the insurance in good years and as
result - a price reduction on insurance services;
- Increase the effectiveness of preventive measures that can significantly reduce
the negative impact of adverse effects, and reduction of such
the demand for insurance;
- The relative decline in the devastating consequences of adverse events
in good years;
- Offensive against catastrophic losses caused by both natural disasters
and consequences of human activities that lead to price rise
the cost of insurance and reinsurance protection.
The price of insurance rises sharply in the bad years after the onset of
devastating losses. Thus, according to preliminary data, the losses are
terrorist attacks in New York in September 2001 and which
must be paid in the global insurance market, up about 50.0 billion
U.S. $ ^. This has led to higher prices for insurance services - during the air
insurance up to 200% or more, property insurance and liability insurance 40 -
60]. Projections of the leading experts argue that the upward trend of prices for insurance
services will continue over the next 3-4 years.

The structure of the insurance market is determined by the market place:

a) professional members of the insurance market, which include insurance

organization, reinsurance companies, insurance intermediaries;

b) insured ~ insurance consumers;

a) the subjects of the insurance infrastructure Market (surveyors, actuaries, auditors,

consultants, etc.);
as well as key indicators of development of various types of insurance services, a set
insurance contributions (premiums) and benefits and their dynamic parameters, the ratio
these indicators for major industries and types of insurance, etc.

The main indicators of the level of development of the insurance industry,
are: the share of insurance services in the gross national product, the degree of protection
property interests of policyholders of the most common risks;
investment potential of the insurance industry, including the amount of investment.
attracted to the country’s economy through a system of insurance, the level of the structure
national insurance market, the degree of its integration into the international
insurance sector, the level of demand for insurance as a tool for implementation
government programs, increasing their economic efficiency and the level of
Employment in the insurance industry and others.

The modern insurance market is underdeveloped and not fully
provides insurance services relating to the protection of property
interests of its stakeholders. Much of the risk in the economy remains uninsured,
and the average insurance premium per head of population,
significantly lower than that of developed countries.

Only in recent years has been a tendency of growth in the insurance market and
You can talk about the positive dynamics of the industry.
As follows from the above data, is still quite large
number of insurers with lower capitalization requirements legislator.
This makes it possible to predict the tendency to reduce the number of insurance companies
and as soon as possible of their mergers and acquisitions. This process, in particular, may
accelerated and regular changes to be made to the current insurance
legislation in part to increase the minimum paid-up share capital
insurance companies.

Dynamic indicators of collecting insurance premiums for the period from 1997 to 2001 reflect
growth of insurance premiums received by Russian insurers on all types of insurance,
and the growth rate of collection of premiums for voluntary insurance.

As can be seen from the data, the percentage of premiums for voluntary insurance
steadily growing. This figure has increased over the period from 1997 to 2001, more than 24
paragraph. There was a significant reduction in the proportion of premiums for compulsory health
insurance.

The increase and growth of insurance premium income reached before
all due to progressive rates of life insurance. as well as certain
growth of insurance against accidents and diseases and voluntary health
insurance.

The structure of insurance premiums in the period from 1997 to 2001, according to the aggregated forms of insurance
activities as follows:
consistently high proportion of the structure of the investment portfolio of insurers
bank deposits, promissory notes of banks and enterprises * - this is due to widespread
practice of “bill” in the treatment of insurance organizations as
additional tool “salary” schemes and the current practice of posting
of the charter capital of insurance companies (so far
There are no statutory requirements concerning
order placement of the charter capital);

Two) consistently high proportion of reinsurers in reserves of insurers;
3) consistently low percentage of the money, government securities and
Other fixed assets;
4) a low share of the declining trend of investment in real estate.

During the period from 1998 to 2000 in a redeployment of shares of individual
directions of investments in the investment portfolio of insurers. In particular:
decreased the proportion of investments in government securities and bank deposits,
promissory notes of banks and enterprises.

The number employed in the national insurance industry, according to various estimates, is
from 250 to 300 thousand people.
Important role in the development of insurance business are labor unions and associations
insurers, association of insurance brokers, actuaries.

Association of insurers created on a voluntary basis to coordinate activities
their members, protect the interests of its members and implement joint programs.
Associations, unions, associations are not entitled to exercise proper insurance activities,
are, as a rule, public organizations, associations of professional
grounds - as belonging to her professional participants of the insurance market.

Unions, associations and other associations of insurers to carry out its activities
must obtain approval from the Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy and Support
entrepreneurship. To obtain such consent association of insurers
submit a petition, copies of constituent documents of association, copies of licenses
participants together on insurance activities, information on performance
its activities, and other documents required by applicable law
to satisfy the request.

To register the union submits an application for registration, incorporation
documents, information on the composition of the participants with the registration number of licenses
in insurance activities, the conclusion of the competition authority, the certificate
the payment of state fees. In confirmation of registration issued association
certificate of state registration.

insurance markets, as part of the global insurance sector, on the present
stage has several characteristics:
1) relatively low ratios of aggregate floor
chennyh premiums to gross domestic product - compared

with other national insurance markets;
2) closed to foreign investment in the insurance business;
3) low level of capitalization of insurers.
As evidenced by indicators of development of insurance in different countries in
The insurance legislation introduced the concept of “child” in relation to foreign
insurance organization of society, and foreign companies set up subsidiaries
society must possess a number of attributes:
higher level requirements of the authorized capital of insurance companies
(Not less than 1.0 million minimum wage in the operations of
insurance, and 1.5 million minimum wage - in conducting reinsurance
operations);
strahovgh for organizations with 100% foreign participation provided
restrictions on operations of life insurance, compulsory
insurance, including compulsory State insurance.
Classification of insurance, both in terms of professional participants of the insurance
, and in part of the list of insurance services, subject to licensing,

regulation on foreign participation in capital of insurance companies,
restrict the activities of subsidiaries of foreign insurance companies
investors in certain types of insurance operations,
absence of uniform standards of quality of insurance intermediaries (brokers,
Agents), affiliated to the insurance services (auditors, actuaries,
consultants, etc.)
absence of a transparent accounting system.

Basic concepts and principles
Insurance
Main Concepts

Insurance business is inherent in specific terminology, reflecting the key concepts
designation category.

One of the key concepts in insurance is the concept of “insurance risk”.
Existence of insurable interest suggests the possibility of occurrence of events that cause
injury (damage) the policyholder (the insured). Therefore, the application category
“Insurance risk” or “risk, on the one hand, suggests the possibility of occurrence
events causing harm (damage), and on the other - determines the availability of insurance
interest.

The Law on Insurance Business in the “defines the concept of insurance risk
Article 9 as “anticipated event in case of occurrence of which is insurance
. This definition, according to many experts the insurance business, is recognized
as the most successful. It contains many meanings of the concepts occurring
in the literature and practice of insurance.

Insurance Theory and Practice vschelyaet criteria by which one can judge whether
lend themselves to any risk insurance. These criteria include:
a) risk as an event is perceived and likely, but his offensive
must be objectively random in nature;
b) the fact that the insured risk as the event must be known in space
and over time;

c) in respect of the risk must exist a set of homogeneous risks that
would apply to it the law of large numbers and the principle of insurance compensation;
d) the implications of the insurance risk must be objectively measurable and
have a monetary value;

d) the cause of the actual occurrence of the insured risk can not be of
policyholder (insured) or the beneficiary, ie subjects of insurance
relationship must be bona fide in the dark about
insured event;

e) the risk of an event should not be relevant to the interests, of which insurance
not permitted by law;
g) the risk must be of a subjective nature as a part of the impact on the subject property
whose interests it affects, and on the implications of implementation.

From the perspective of the concept of “insurance risk” in the existing Russian
legislation could be argued that the concept of “an accident” is defined by
the concept of “insurance risk”. In fact, an accident - a supervening event, the event which is being
insurance, in other words, it is an insurance risk.

Thus, within the meaning of the article
can not insure the building, car, health, life, disability, insurance
property interest can be associated with these objects. Concluding
insurance of household goods and pays the insurer the premium,
policyholder, thereby providing a valuable interest in respect of domestic
property, namely by the obligation of the insurer creates the possibility of
insurance payment in the event of a specific impact on the insured
property, such as loss or damage of property, disappearances
or theft etc. Insurance objects appear three groups
property interests:
a) the property interests associated with ownership, use and disposal
property (property insurance);
b) the property interests relating to reimbursement by the insured damage caused
person, or damage to property of a third party (insurance
liability);
c) the property interests associated with the life, health and working capacity,
as well as the pension of the insured (the insured)
(Personal insurance).
a) the property interests associated with the life, health and working capacity,
as well as the pension of the insured (the insured)

b) the property interests associated with potential losses to the insured
property or damages in connection with other property interests of the insured
In which, inter alia, vschelyaet contracts
property insurance, liability insurance, business insurance
risk.
Insurance relationships - the obligation, whereby one party (the insurer)
undertakes for a fee stipulated by the contract (insurance premium) paid
the other party (the insured), to provide insurance protection to property interests
the latter, which makes him pay the insurance compensation (provision) in the case
occurrence of an event under the insurance contract.

The subjects of the insurance relationship are insurers, policyholders, insured
those beneficiaries.
Insurer - this is a professional agent of the insurance market, the party in the insurance
relationship which, for a fee provides insurance protection to the propertied
governmental interests of the other party to the contract and thus is obliged to provide insurance
recovery (provision) in the case of implementation of the insured risks (risks).

The insurer provides insurance activities as principal and sole.

Insured - insurance is the subject of legal relations: the party that has entered into
with the insurer an insurance contract and the insurer undertakes to pay the cost of insurance
protect its property interests and other actions under the contract of insurance against
which acquires the right to demand indemnity (security)
upon the occurrence of an insured risk (the risk).

The insured person is a party to certain types of insurance relationships,
and therefore the insurance contracts, namely a contract of personal insurance and
civil liability insurance for injury. Insured
person may address the legal or natural person.

Beneficiary - This is the third person for whose benefit the contract of insurance
and who is paid the insurance compensation (provision) under the contract. Depending
the type of insurance and the forms that designate a beneficiary
or the policyholder or insured person, or he is appointed by law.

Insurance cover - a set of relations to overcome and compensate the
property caused by objects of interest.

Insurance coverage is a set of conditions on the insurance contract
insurance related to the structure and list of covered risks, real property,
Object property interests, the insured, the insured losses
costs, etc., and reflect the limits of liability insurer (insurance amount
limits of liability)
The forms of insurance - the legal methods for its implementation, through
Insurance requirements are implemented subjects of insurance. Legislation
vschelyaet voluntary and compulsory insurance.
Insurance activities - an activity to protect the property interests of legal
individuals, communities and the state using the methods of insurance.
Underwriter - a specialist in the field of insurance, have the power
assess the degree of risk to the insurance risk, to determine wage rates and
other conditions for the adoption of risk insurance on the basis of economic feasibility,
economic and insurance policy insurer and based on the norms of insurance
legislation and obinogo law. There is a second meaning of the term “underwriter” - this
member of the Insurance Corporation Lloyd’s, which is authorized under the syndicate or independently
sign insurance policies.
Underwriting policy of the insurance company in the narrow sense - is a technology
assessing the risks assumed by insurance, a wide - it is also due
legalization of the adoption of insurance, in other words, it is legal
technology adoption risk insurance based technology assessment
risk. Legal Technology, in addition to standard terms and conditions of insurance (eg, significant
insurance contract, without which it can not be recognized as the legitimate
document), includes many additional, specific conditions and reservations
most of which is the “mirror” reflection of the receiving
insurance risk and, hence, in the end - the extent of this risk.
The insurance field - the largest number of objects that can be covered by insurance.
The insurance portfolio - is the number of insured objects (or insurance contracts).
Allocate insurance portfolio as a whole on an insurance company and insurance portfolio
by industry or type of insurance.
Insurance Fund - a pool of funds generated by the insurer at
conduct insurance business and intended to cover losses arising
as a result of the insured event.
Insurance cost is the baseline for determining such significant
conditions of coverage as the insured amount, the amount of damage, the insurance premium. There
several types of values that lie at the basis of the definition cost of insurance,
namely, the new, replacement, real, market, balance sheet,
residual value.
Sum insured - this is set in the insurance contract sum, which
insured object, and within which the insurer is liable
for damages resulting from the occurrence of the insured event.
Insurance rate (tariff rate) - the premium per unit sum insured for
certain period of insurance.
Insurance premium - the amount of money paid by the insured the insurer
for the provision of insurance to protect the property interests of the insured.

The insurance market - a system of economic relations in the process of implementing
which is formed by supply and demand for insurance services and traded
serves insurance protection. The State exercises supervisory and regulatory functions,
and in some cases - is involved in insurance relations as a subject of the market,
provides insurance protection for certain public interests (eg,
compulsory insurance of military personnel, employees of the Interior,
judges and bailiffs, etc.). In the field of insurance relationships, pegylipyeGvIyx
civil law, government influence is seen only in so far as
what is necessary to ensure a market-based, namely fair competition,
consumer protection, antitrust policy.

Insurance brokers are professional market participants, whose
activities aimed at promotion of insurance services to the consumer. Among insurance
intermediaries allocate insurance agents and insurance brokers.

Insurance agents are individuals or legal entities acting on
and on behalf of the insurer in accordance with their authority.

Insurance brokers - a legal or natural persons registered in
procedure established by law as entrepreneurs engaged in
brokering of insurance on its behalf pursuant to orders
insured or the insurer.

Therefore, in our opinion, the property interest of the insured were related to
his personal interests and those of his family, has always existed, but the absence
necessary insurance technology related to estimating the likelihood of insurance
case makes it impossible to risk assessment and calculation of the appropriate fee
insurance in the form of the premium. Protection of such property interests ensured
mainly self-insure.

Given the previously mentioned reasons can be stated: in all insurance contracts
life, except life insurance endowment associated with the lump
payment of the sum insured or paying in installments in the form of rent payments, starting
the due date until the insured (or insured person), pension
age, reason for the qualification of a life insurance contract as a real contract
insurance based on the property interests and compensation for damage
fortuitous event, virtually indisputable.

In recognition of the benefit is the property of interest associated with the provision
income of the insured as the base and the subject of the insurance contract on the endowment, the arguments
given above. In this case the object of insurance may not be any proper
life of the insured or the insured amount, as is only one of a number of significant
conditions of the insurance contract. Indeed, without a definition in the insurance contract
Finally, these conditions it is impossible. However, it is also impossible without
fixing the date of entry into force, its validity, the size of the insurance
premiums and the like. Therefore, a different interpretation, rather than “property interest,
associated with the life of the insured, may not reflect the actual object of insurance.

With regard to the fact that the endowment beneficiary in some
cases (for example, at the conclusion of insurance contract for five years before
the end of working age) is not compensated for damage in the sense in which it
concept is established for contracts of property insurance due to the special nature
property interests, svyazanngk the life of the insured, and the calculation of probability
and consequently, the assessment of insurance risk in such instruments. In fact,
separately taken the risk (probability) of survival of the insured before the expiration,
For example, a five-year contract of insurance is extremely high, and the less the insurance period,
a possibility that the insured event - survival of the insured - is becoming
above. However, if the insurance contract does not include other conditions, such as
payment of the sum insured in case of death of the insured, then upon the occurrence of such event
the insurer, the insurance undertaking is linked only to the payment of insurance
sum insured for survival to age or time limit fixed by the contract
its duty to implement the insurance payment does not occur. Beneficiary under the contract
is only entitled to the premium (a relatively high amount of
which explains the high probability of occurrence of events provided by the contract)
if such a condition specified in the Contract.

On the other hand, at the conclusion of insurance contract with a condition of payment of insurance
annuity upon reaching retirement age is no doubt that
the subject of the insurance contract is the property interests of the insured relating
with the termination of his disability. Assume that the start date of payments
set three years before retirement, or that after reaching
age associated with retirement and eligibility for the annuitant,
insured person to continue working. Will this mean that he
did not raise the right to require the insurer of the execution of the insurance obligations? Or
indicate that such insurance obligation is not entitled to be discharged contract
insurance?

In foreign literature the concept of property interest in the insurance contract
life («insurable interest» - the interest that can be insured) is associated with the following.
First of all this interest related to their own lives, unlimited.
Simultaneously, the general rules of law usually require a policyholder availability
interest in the life of the insured person ^. Such property interests can
arise from the parents towards their children and vice versa; spouses in respect of each
other; creditor with respect to the borrower as a means to secure the repayment of the loan in
If a borrower’s death, the employer against an employee

The special nature of property interests related to the life and based on
its unlimited, allows you to realistically assess the content of the previously analyzed
life insurance contracts. And this characteristic property interest in insurance
Life allows us to consider the payment of the sum insured for survival of the insured
before the date or age specified in the contract of insurance, namely as an insurance
and relevant as the basis of property interest as the object of insurance,
and the risk of the insured event and the reality of the insurance liabilities.

It seems quite justified the relationship between insurable interest
and statutory responsibilities of various actors in civil
Right.  For insurance
legal basis of insurable interest are essential, because
are proof of the legality of property interest, subject to insurance.
Thus, the person has an insurable interest due to two circumstances:

- Property interest (for different subjects, actors and legal reasons)
person, as well as
- The risk of damage or harm to property interests of the person.
Insurable interest is always associated with existing legal relationship: for example,
real property, or obligation to redress, which determines
the subject property interest the person (the insured) and requires its will
to provide insurance protection for such property interest.

Thus, the lack of insurable interest in the insured should be considered as a basis
for the recognition of the insurance contract void as non-compliant
Law
Insurance determines that the number of essential conditions in the contract of property
Insurance provided certain property or other property interest,
which is the subject of insurance, as in a contract of personal insurance, this requirement
limited indication of the insured person. This definition differs
on how to define the object of insurance in the Laws of the Federation “On the organization
insurance business …», as well as on how the definition of Russia enjoyed
legislation in the early centuries, because the most important factor - legal relationship between the object
insurance and subject to the insurance contract (property interests, implying
availability of property and the interest it faces - the insured, the contracting
insurance), and hence the motivation of a law of insurable interest
person in connection with the object of insurance - interest related to the preservation of property.
Duration of discussion on the subject or object of insurance makes
evaluate this issue as ambiguous and controversial, on the one hand, and on the other -
with specific and different for each approach to legal consequences. Got it.
that the contents of the property interest is much broader than just property. Let
example. The fire burned in an industrial enterprise of the pipeline.
Direct damage to property is determined by the cost of repair or replacement of damaged
plot production. However, due to stop production of the actual loss
can greatly exceed the amount of direct damage to the value of future profits
fines from creditors for the undelivered goods and the like. This proves
that the property interests and assets are not synonymous, and between the value
property and the size of the property interest can not be equated.

In life insurance, in monetary terms to estimate the actual damage and loss
profits caused by the property interests of the insured in the event of his death,
not possible. In connection with the death of a person lost necessary
component of property interest - the very person and his will. However, it is clear
that the contract of insurance in case of death property interests
insured related to ensuring the interests of a beneficiary under the contract.
This approach is justified because the provision of property interests, for example,
Cohabiting and minor children or elderly parents
is a civic duty to adult. Consequently, property
interests of the insured are connected not only with his personal needs, but also with
needs of the family as a whole.

Debatable in the theory of personal insurance, especially life insurance is
establishment of property interest as an object of insurance.  Some scholars hold the point
view that insurance is a personal property interest, as well as in any
other contract of insurance is a key concept in establishing the possibility
insurance contract ‘. Others, believing that the insurance is a form of compensation
losses, consider that the life insurance contract in the absence of compensation for damages
Insurer property interest can not be considered the object of insurance ^.

It is undisputed that all contracts of life insurance: the case of death,
Survival in the payment of rent on retirement, insurance against accidents
in case of permanent incapacity in the payment of disability pension -
compensated by the insurer is damage (harm) caused to property interests
of the insured or beneficiary. However, it is not possible
conduct a direct analogy with the insurance of property in that part which
related to the limited size of insurance payments magnitude of actual damage within
the actual value of insured property (property interest).

In life insurance, at the conclusion of the insurance contract can not be an
direct valuation of property interest, and in that with personal insurance
similar liability insurance. In fact, the assessment to be insured
property interest in the contract of property insurance is simple
and corresponds to the actual value of the property. The insurance payments can not
exceed the insurance value of property and the sum insured. However, the estimate
property interest in the contract of life insurance or contract of insurance
responsibility is impossible.

Consider the liability insurance contract of the notary. It is clear that at the conclusion
insurance contract is impossible to estimate the potential damage that may
be caused to the property interests of third parties notarial acts: its value
also depends on the value of the property transaction, which shall be certified by a notary, and
the amount of damage caused by acts of the notary, which is installed in the court
order. Therefore, if the size limit of the sum insured is not stipulated laws

Mr., it is set in the contract of insurance, and that, within the insured amount
policyholder will be reimbursed its costs (expense) related to compensation of damage
caused to them by the property interests of third parties. However, the lack of real
assess the “value” property interest in a contract of liability insurance
may not be proof that the subject of the contract of insurance is something
other than the property interests of the notary, the liability for compensation
harm notarial acts to others.

The same approach should be followed in the classification of property interest
as the object of the contract in personal insurance, including life insurance. At the moment
contract of insurance, for example, in the event of permanent incapacity
assess the actual size of the property interest the person is impossible. Reason
for this is that the assessment should be based on the hypothesis counting
future income of the insured (wages, other income related to the implementation
different kinds of works, services and other income) at the time of the accident.
This compensation insurer would have to be that portion of lost revenue for the entire
during the life of the insured after the loss of permanent disability,
that would be related to the consequences of disability. Obviously this
complicated construction contract requires consideration of many contingent factors such as age
policyholder, resize its revenues and the like. Moreover, and evaluation
damages in accordance with, for example, the Law on Compulsory Insurance against accidents
in the workplace is fairly conventional in nature and often does not include
all types of income received by the insured to establish disability.

For reasons given in the contract of personal insurance, property valuation
interest acquired a converted form - the sum insured, the relationship is real
income of the insured at the time of the insurance contract sold
through the size of the premium payable under the insurance contract. In the
fact, the more revenue (property interests) of the insured, the greater part of them
it can direct the payment of insurance premiums, and so, consequently, the above can be
sum insured. In turn, the amount of insurance payments to a certain extent
will correspond to the size reduction of income of the insured. But turning
forms, in our opinion, does not alter the content of property interest in
a contract of personal insurance.

And finally, the most complicated in terms of qualifications of the insured object property
interest in the life insurance contract with a condition of survival of the insured to
age or time limit fixed by the contract. These obligations include insurance
contracts, the terms of which the insurer’s obligation to make insurance
payment of the insured person occurs when he reaches age or time limit fixed
contract. Such premiums may be paid in a lump
payment or in installments in the form of an insurance annuity, and the period of payment of insurance
rent is set by the insurance contract.

A large number of researchers is based on the absolute difference between life insurance
with the condition of survival with other types of insurance, especially property insurance.
“Insurance of persons designated a group of transactions that do not have on its legal nature
nothing to do with property insurance … No matter how respectable the problem of insurance of persons as
no evidence she was a high degree of culture, aiming to eliminate the effect of random
on human life, but from a legal point of view, these treaties can not
be grouped under the concept of insurance. Their relationship and unity of the concentrated conditioned

tion of those and other transactions in the hands of the same companies, as well as those common to the economic,
but not a legal principle which is to ensure that material interests
Rights of action of chance. Insurance of persons is different from property insurance rather
significant from a legal point of view features:

a) Under a contract of property insurance policyholder becomes entitled to compensation
losses, whereas in insurance of persons of such damage may not
be. If it can also be described as damage to death or illness of head of the household who delivers
family all the means of subsistence, in other types of personal insurance,
such as dowry or scholarships, even these signs do not …

b) Accordingly, in property insurance insurance amount is determined
only when the incident an accident. In contrast, in insurance of persons
damage does more than wait unfortunate events, and the sum insured
determined at the conclusion of the contract …

c) Accordingly, insurance is not necessarily in favor of all
individuals, whose existence in the material side stood depending on
insured, and in favor of one of them or in favor of arbitrarily chosen
an outsider, apart from all interested parties closer.

d) Property insurance is a contingent obligation, under the condition
always positive. Insurance of persons is an obligation of urgency, so
as the onset age is determined by the calendar day, and the onset of death,
though nobody knows when it will occur, but we know that it ever happens.

e) Secondary property insurance will be invalid because it exceeds
value of the insured property, whereas under personal insurance no
legal obstacles to the conclusion of the serial number of insurance
treaties “^.

In the above-quoted passage to some extent reflects the most common
grounds on which the life insurance critical perceived by some researchers.
Mindedness denying life insurance contract as a truly
insurance contract is determined by the following polar points of view: in the contract
Life insurance is no damage as the main element of the obligation
insurer for the insurance payment, the ratio of actual damages and the amount of insurance
payments are not linked, that does not allow such contracts to qualify as
insurance policies.

In order to establish the grounds for qualification of a life insurance contract consider
etymology of its development. False believe some researchers that the emergence of
insurance is associated exclusively with the development of trade and navigation. Known
that even in the Roman army pay families of the victims were insured, although
and were not organized by the specially established for this purpose organization-insurer ^
The completeness of the harm caused to the family of the deceased historical facts do not lead
sufficient evidence.

However, the real life insurance with a condition of payment of the sum insured in case
the insured’s death or his survival until the end of the period of insurance has been made possible
after calculating in the late eighteenth century, mortality tables and the probability of survival of
of a certain age before the end of the deadline.

State regulation of insurance relationships aimed at building
holistic and complementary system of insurance to protect public economic
relations and social interests of citizens. The basis of state regulation in
insurance are:

- Determination of socially significant risks and the choice of forms of organization of insurance
relationships designed to protect the interests of citizens in their attack;
- Formation of a full-regulated insurance market, based on
combination of business interests of insurers and ensuring their financial
stability and solvency for the smooth implementation
insurance payments under signed contracts of insurance;
- Definition of powers and functions of state insurance supervisory authority
and providing its system of authority to ensure compliance with insurance
legislation by all stakeholders of the insurance market;
- Create a system of antitrust regulation to protect competition
the insurance market and prevent the use of its monopoly position
individual subjects for undue commercial advantage;
1. Why is the National Insurance Scheme is subject to state regulation?
2. What is the state monopod for insurance? What forms can
take a state monopoly on strahsshanie?
3. Why consider insurance industry economic activity, objectively
gravitating towards monopoly?
4. What are the main elements of the system of state regulation of national
insurance market?
5. Based on what measures the state implements the state policy
insurance?
6. What is the tax incentives for the development of insurance relations?
7. What are the main types of self-regulatory organizations in the insurance market. What
objectives pursued by the activities of self-organization?

Property interest as an object
insurance protection
The notion of property interest of the insured or the insured person - a key
for the emergence of relations of insurance, because that property interests
with various objects, are the subject of insurance.
The Act stipulates that the object of insurance may include:

- In personal insurance: property interests associated with the life, health
capacity for work and pensions of the insured (the insured
person);
- In property insurance: property interests associated with ownership,
disposal and use of property;
- Liability insurance: property interests associated with the emergence
obligation to compensate the insured for damage to its
actions of the property interests of third parties.
These interests include the illegal interests, and is not allowed
Insurance losses from participation in games, lotteries and betting and expenses to which
person may be compelled to release the hostages.

Under property
interest refers to the risk of loss (death), shortage
or damage to certain property, the risk of liability for the obligations
arising due to injury, the risk of civil liability and risk
losses from business activities.

Under a contract of personal insurance paid the amount in the case
causing harm to life or health of the insured person reaches the specified
age or the onset of his life under a contract of events.
By itself, the category “interest”, in addition to economic evaluation, and has legal
qualification, because the insurance presence or absence of property
interest determines the possibility or impossibility of an insurance contract.

In the basis of civil law Federation found that
civil rights are exercised by citizens and legal persons (actors of civil
turnover) of their will and in their own interest. Simultaneously, the content of civil
rights associated with ownership, other real rights, as well as treaty
and other obligations and other property relations based
on equality, autonomy of will and property independence of participants. So
manner, subject to the will and interest of participants of civil turnover are
property rights: their emergence, change and termination.

This allows you to establish a property interest as the interest of the person (citizen
or entity) that is associated with ownership, other real rights and
obligations. Interest in this case involves the will of a person directed to
emergence or termination of the civil rights and obligations. So
possible dual interpretation of property interest the person. on the one hand,
property interest is its subject and is associated with the assets, property
rights (in rem and in personam), and on the other hand, the interest can not
be perceived by other participants of civil turnover differently than the will of a person
associated with the object of interest.
Under the property interests of yurschtsyachesknh understand the interests of the owner
(As well as atadeltsa or user) of the property associated with the possession of, orders
tion and use of, civil liability related to the possession, and disposal
and use of property and property interests in communications and over

various sources of income the business entity.

Under the property interests of citizens should understand the interest, aiming at
preservation and life, health, disability, and the extent to
they are the owners (or have other property rights) of various
types of property - the property interests concerning the provision of adequate
property rights and liability arising from the property and the actions of citizens.

Attention is drawn to features of the property interests of citizens, bound
with their life, health and disability. It is clear that in public circulation
is not involved, none of the subjects - life, health or ability to work.
However, the establishment of the civil law of the common grounds of liability
for injury to a duty of compensation in full
volume of the injurer, regardless of whether the harm caused to property or person
citizen. Under the amount of harm caused by the person and recoverable,
that is, life and health of the victim, understand the lost as a result of causing
injury income (including earnings), which the victim had either definitely
could be additional costs associated with the restoration of health, as well as
in case of death of the victim - the cost of maintaining his dependents in the event and
the manner provided for civil legislation. The amount of damage and losses caused by the person, calculated in monetary terms,
despite the fact that this loss is associated with the life, health and work ability
citizens who, as mentioned, are not subject to civilian traffic.
Duties of persons to compensation for harm caused to individual citizens are
an integral and essential component of personal rights and therefore reduced
above classification generate legitimate proprietary interests of the insured.

It is only natural to assume: if such duties related to providing
performance of obligations due to injury to the person, give rise to
legitimate proprietary interests of the insured, then the property interests of the
victim-related injury to his person, had a legitimate
for inclusion in the will of the actors and the very public circulation.

Property interest is always affection, personifitsirovannost, affiliation
a person having and expressing such interest. For insurance, this relationship
can be considered from another point of view: only the carrier - a person with
property interests - may be a party to a contract of insurance,
otherwise the content of valuable interest in the contract loses all meaning.

Insurance related to the probability and possibility (risk) of damage
or injury to property interests of the insured (or insured). Impairment
property interests of individuals can be expressed in the destruction or partial damage
owned (and being in possession or use) his property
arises from the owner of unforeseen financial liabilities arising
from the fact of ownership of such property or activity for its use, and
also in connection with the loss of income (profit) due to unforeseen circumstances.

In personal insurance such damages or injury associated with loss
income individuals or unforeseen costs related to his life and
health. This kind of damage in health insurance may be assessed as Supplies
expenses connected with treating the sick insured, the insurance against accidents
- The difference between income postradashego insured before an accident
case and its aftermath.

If you expand the boundaries of an example for the different ages of the insured at the time
their entry into insurance, then we can show that wage rates depend
also on the age of the insured, with the increase of which, ceteris paribus,
They also (in adults) is increasing. In addition, changing the overall
net rates, as with age increases the share of net rates for death and reduced
proportion of survivors.

Finally, consider the example of calculation of tariff rates, insurance-related
rents and, as a special case, pensions. The calculation of tariff rates for such insurance
during the periodic payment of insurance premiums and regular insurance payments represents
in fact, an assessment of two types of annuities:

- Deferred annuity (typically prenumerando), corresponding to the reduced
at the beginning of the term of the insurance contract the expected cost of regular
pension disbursements (obino - at the beginning of the next period) within a certain
period, if the contract provides emergency rent (pension), or indefinitely,
until death of the insured, unless the contract provides
life annuity or pension. This present value is a lump
premium rate for the relevant conditions of insurance. If
regular payment of pensions will be scheduled at the end of the next term of payment
it should be used in calculating annuities postnumerando;
- An annuity (usually prenumerando), as quoted at the beginning of the period
insurance contract price of regular contributions, which before
submits a rate installments with respect to one-time contributions
su is used to calculate the amount of contributions paid during the year under any

adopted in calculating the frequency of payment in the year.

For these terms of insurance monthly wage rates are determined as follows
manner.

For persons aged x years, the cost obligations of the insurer to pay a monthly
of pension until the insured is alive at the beginning of the reduced duration
contract is delayed by n = (60-x) years annuity prenumerando.
The value of the annuity rate is a single payment
sufficient for the performance of the insurer of its obligations and is determined by the formula
If the insurance contract provides for the payment of pension
month for a limited period, such as age, amount of liabilities of the insurer,
contained at the beginning of the contract, ie bid lump-sum fee,
can be delayed by n years prenumerando term annuity, which
determined by the formula [Table 5]:
When using these formulas should take into account the fact that they assume
monthly payment (1 / t), in this case - (1 / 12), and the amount of monthly
payments for the year is the sum insured equal to one.

The amount of premiums paid once a month, reduced to the beginning of
insurance contract, ie Hire rate for the annual amount of monthly
contributions, is an annuity prenumerando [Table 5]:

 
insurance payments, refunds of contributions under certain conditions, etc. rate making
considerably more complicated. Furthermore, in today’s insurance products for insurance
life such as Universal Life for submitting premiums and their size can be
not strictly regulated, which makes it difficult, and in some cases makes it impossible
calculation of insurance rates without the use of appropriate technical means
and computer programs. Therefore, in the practice of insurance companies calculate insurance
tariffs, as well as insurance reserves, is an area of professional
of the actuary.
United Insurance
activity

Insurance market and its
professional participants

and general theory of economics, and in insurance notion of “insurance market” and “insurance
economy “- new to the insurance of science. Nevertheless, it can be argued
that the concept of “insurance market” is a subcategory of a more general concept of “insurance
economy “and represents a system of social relations associated with
the sale of insurance services. Then, as the insurance industry “is
set of social relations in the field of insurance associated with the production,
distribution, sale and use of insurance services. On the scale of the world
management may use the term “global insurance industry. Such
understanding of the “insurance industry” is the public relations associated with
agency, organizational unit, activity, management of insurance
organizations, as well as the relations between the state regulation of
insurance companies and other entities of the insurance market over the insurance definition
conditions and prerequisites for the use of insurance in economic relations.
In foreign literature in this case, use respectively the concept of “insurance
economics and global insurance economics.

In economic terms, the modern science of economic theory, insurance
market can be represented as economic space, or the system of ‘managed
ratio of consumer demand - insurers, for insurance services and supply
sellers - insurance companies for providing insurance protection. Demand for insurance
protection is determined by two main factors: the need for insurance, as
element of risk management, business entity and the individual citizen, and
well as the purchasing power of insurers, can satisfy the demand for insurance
through the acquisition of insurance services. The risk, as a potential risk inherent
Public voproizvodstvu (see Chapter 2), determines the increase in demand for
insurance services with the development of economic relations. At the same time reducing insurance
protection provided through the state social insurance system and
security, also contributes to the growing demand for insurance services.

Rate of return that are made in the calculation of insurance rates, may be permanent
during the term of the insurance contract or, in general, variable.
Income from investment of insurance reserves determined by the formula of complex
percent.

When the actuarial calculations for life insurance using international
system actuarial notation, in the final version approved in 1954
, 14 th International Congress of Actuaries. Its most important feature is
that used symbols reflect basic conditions of the insurance contract and
financial obligations of the parties. To this end, each main character, adopted
to denote the net rate or other indicator, add signs and symbols are located
in four zones of the indices at the top and bottom, left and right of the main character
characterizing the conditions of execution of the contract. For example, the index at the bottom right (x)
characterizes the age of the insured at the time of conclusion of insurance contract, and
If the index letters at the bottom right of the symbol separated by a colon, the last sign
(^) In the index means the term of the contract of insurance or the period of payment of rent
(Pension). The index at the top right of the main characters, enclosed in parentheses
(W), is intended to specify the number of periodic payments of rent and payment of pensions or
insurance premiums during the year.

Examples of symbols:

“^ ~ ~ H’Ts lump sum of net interest rate on the insurance contract for a period of n years for a person
age years with the condition of payment of the sum insured to the beneficiary after
death of the insured (the bar over the symbol), if it occurs during the term of
Contract No. and Date

p | x: a |

- Postnumerando annuity for a person aged x years for a period of years, with payments beginning
after n years after the start of the insurance contract (the index on the left below
separated by a vertical bar) and the frequency of payments m times per year.
The symbol of a (with two dots above) is denoted annuity prenumerando.

The cost of the annuity for a series of successive contributions or payments calculated
following. Consider, for example, the cost of a series of annual contributions for years
payable at the beginning of the year, as set out by the beginning of the term of the contract of insurance with
Given the number of surviving contributors for each subsequent date - annuity
prenumerando. This annuity can provide the scheme, which shows that if
take the value of each regular payment made by equal to 1 and take into account the increment
time value of money made on the basis of rate of return for the year - i, then
the cost of such a series of assessments, as set by the beginning of the term of the contract (the time x)
and contributions of each incoming insurance, you can define the following
way (see picture on page 109).

The cost of individual contributions, reduced by the time the contract (s) through
discount factors will emerge as the sum of the number of surviving liable to pay
Fee for each particular year, multiplied by the unit fee - 1 and multiplied by
on the discounting factor to the extent appropriate, the number entering
fee minus one, ie consistently factored: v “, v’v ^ v” ‘.

Here, for convenience in the summation introduced variable t. Value corresponds axki
given at the beginning of the insurance contract expected value of contributions in the amount of
single sum of money paid annually during the period established by the contract
insurance for years, at the beginning of each year of insurance, provided that the insured is alive,
ie payable (to-1) times. The value of both zgalyaetsya coefficient Hire
for the transition from a one-time payment under the insurance contract for annual contributions.
Similarly derived formulas to estimate given at the beginning of the term of the
strahovarshya contract value of contributions paid to any frequency, the value
series of rent payments, starting with some point in the future, and others.

The method of calculation of insurance rates by type of insurance relating to insurance
life includes the following milestones:

- For each risk is calculated expected value of insurance coverage
unit of the sum insured shown in the time of conclusion of insurance contract
(Present expected value of insurance coverage). Obtained
value taken as a lump sum of net-rate for a particular risk.
The set of net rates of all components of risk, calculated taking into account
their nature and relationships, is a lump nettostavku
the contract of insurance;
- Taking into account the order of payment of contributions to the insurance premium fixed by the contract
insurance, determined by their expected value, reduced for early action
insurance contract. In that case, if the conditions of the insurance contract
involve the payment of insurance premium in installments, the value used
as a factor for calculating the periodic installments of annual
(Monthly, quarterly, semi-annual) net rates;
- Net-rate insurance policy providing for the payment of insurance
premiums in installments, is determined on the basis of a one-time net-rate and
appropriate conditions of insurance rates installments;
- Gross rate is calculated on the basis of the obtained value of net rate and
adopted by the insurer the amount of load, taking into account where appropriate the nature
distribution of time costs, included in the burden of the insurer.
The above technique illustrated by the example of a temporary insurance contract
Life on the n years, under which the insurer undertakes to made by the insured
contributions to pay the insured upon termination of the contract insurance
amount of S, or beneficiaries to pay the same sum insured in
death of the insured during the term of the contract. Baselines
calculation:

- The insured risk (insured event) are: survival of the insured
before the expiration of the contract or his death during the
period. With the advent of the insured event the insurer agrees to pay the prescribed
contract sum insured;
- The period of the insurance contract - n years;
- Contributions are made in a lump sum or in installments with an annual or monthly
intervals;
- Age of the insured at the time of the insurance contract total of three years;
- Payment of death is carried out immediately after its occurrence (as an option - in
end of the year of death).
Terms of the contract illustrates the picture below.

in accordance with the above procedure of calculation we define the initial lump
net rates of risks included in the liability of the insurer, and, further,
total net rate - as the sum of components.

Insurance amount for survival and death in the general case may be different in
this example, accept them the same, ie 8d = SCM = S.

The net rate of survivors is defined as the sum of the insurance fund neces-
MbDc for  sums insured all insured,  before the expiration
insurance contract (payment of survivorship), reduced (with Given  increase contributions) at the beginning of the insurance contract and divided
for all entered into insurance. If we imagine that the number of insured
when the contract of insurance is 1x, but according to mortality tables
full n years of age will survive only to + n people, then the required amount of funds will be:

If the insurance payment is made immediately after death, the share of funds due
for payments in the current year will not have time to provide a one-year investment income
taken into account in this formula, so the actual Heinz-rate of death should be
longer calculated by this formula. For practical purposes, the small size
annual investment income (10% -20%) good results approximate formula
out “method for calculating insurance rates by type of insurance relating to insurance
Life

However, government policies regulating the access of foreign
companies on the national insurance market should provide reliable delivery
insurance protection, financial stability of foreign operators and compliance
their activities with the requirements of national legislation to protect the interests of
national insurance consumers - the insured.

With the development of market relations increasingly important in the system of government
regulation gets antitrust supervision of insurance companies,
as well as other stakeholders in conducting insurance operations. Competition
- One of the most important tools of self-regulation of the insurance market. But
given the technical features of insurance and the importance of this sector for
full and continuous social reproduction, the tendency to form
monopolies in insurance and reinsurance market is large. Their appearance may be due
as with the spontaneous tendency of the insurance market to develop edingh conditions of the insurance ustanoshteniyu
uniform (cartel) insurance rates, etc., and with the measures of state
regulation, expressed in the harmonization of conditions of insurance, the introduction
mandatory reinsurance in the state reinsurance company, which provides
further transfer of insurance risks to foreign reinsurers, the imposition of State
monopoly on the conduct of certain types (usually socially relevant)
insurance. Given the above reasons, state regulation
competition in the insurance market is complex and controversial issue.

The main forms of state regulation of competition in the insurance market
is to prevent any kind have been agreements between insurers, limiting
competition (in particular, establishing discriminatory conditions for
other insurers for certain types of insurance among some
range of insurance consumers, or establishing a monopoly on high or monopolistically
lower insurance rates for certain types of insurance), avoidance
control by one insurer and its affiliated insurance companies
control over a certain percentage of the insurance market (as a rule, allowed values
tion is limited to 25-30% of premiums received on the national territory,
received by all insurers in the conduct of certain types of insurance), avoidance
acquisition of an insurance organization controlling other insurers,
conducting the same kinds of insurance that an insurer-purchaser.
The task of the state when opredennyh approaches to regulation of insurance market is
in finding the right balance between freedom of market relations and the protection of
interests of the insured.

What is more liberal system of government regulation, the more
As for such an approach should be prepared to consumers, the system of legislation and infrastructure
insurance market to ensure compliance with its interests. That is why even in the most
liberal system of government regulation, there are legal and institutional
mechanisms aimed at maintaining the stability of the insurance rshka. These
can be attributed samoretuliruemye organization of the insurance market - the Association of Insurers
or insurance intermediaries, for the members of which became mandatory following the co
established rules governing the relationship of subjects in the insurance rshke (codes
behavior). A significant role vsholnyayut also the organization of the Ombudsman, which are reserved
function of judicial review of disputes dogoyuram insurance. Such organizations
established by professional participants of the insurance rshka, their activities are financed
at the expense of the founders, and vshesennye decision shall be binding on the insurer, with
action which involved a claim of the insured. Simultaneously, state “builds
“In a liberal system of insurance rshka additional funding to protect
interests of consumers in case of insolvency of insurers. The source of such funds become
special funds generated strahovischkami under conditions established by national
zakonodatelstyum a certain percentage of the premiums received. The funds may
bp used only if the assets of the bankrupt insurer is not enough
to perform under the insurance vshlatam.

In regulating the insurance relationship between
private insurers and employers the state contributes to a demand
for insurance services through recognition of insurance premiums by the socially necessary costs and
the inclusion of such costs in the cost of production activities. Otherwise
insurance costs would be possible to pay only at the expense of net profit of the insured.
Prior to the adoption of the Tax Code of the Federation the right to include the cost of
insurance in the cost of goods, works and services should only apply to premiums
compulsory insurance, property insurance, fuzov, certain types of insurance
responsibility and voluntary medical insurance - the 3% cost
products, works and services. Current Tax System Federation contains
enough tax incentives for insurance contracts by business entities:
in addition to payments by type of social and compulsory insurance, the costs can bp
included in the full cost of basic property insurance, as well as in
certain level of voluntary medical insurance, insurance against accidents
cases, and life insurance.

Of great importance for the formation of the national pension system
is the establishment of state tax incentives to the conclusion of the citizens of long-term
life insurance contracts, commitments which are confined to the achievement
insurer and / or insured retirement age. Since the savings on contracts
insurance pensions (annuities) and life insurance in the able-bodied
period will stabilize the individual income of the insured and his family members, most
foreign state extends tax breaks for insurance premiums,
paid on insurance contracts. Modern legislation
Federation does not contain any such tax privileges granted to citizens who have allowed
be reduced to the set value of the annual insurance premiums under
term life insurance value of the taxable annual income. Together
The system of pension insurance and security in under active
changes that may affect and issues related to taxation
insurance premiums under a long-term life insurance.

Government regulation
insurance market
Government intervention in free enterprise and freedom in the insurance
insurance market has to achieve important social objectives related to
ensuring the continuity and integrity of social reproduction. Taking on
a crucial role of providing insurance protection to the population and business
entities, insurance companies must have sufficient financial
tools and knowledge of insurance technology to provide timely and
sufficient to eliminate the occurring losses and loss insurance payments. Degree and
shape public policy of state intervention in the insurance relationship is defined
as a common foundation of economies and the challenges of economic development. In
as two completely opposite approaches of state regulation of insurance
market can cause a state monopoly on insurance, on the one hand,
and free from state regulation of national insurance market.

State regulation of insurance relations aimed at solving problems
maintaining social stability, social relations, which involves taking
State system of measures on the social risk management in society. K
Social risks include risks associated with pensions, work capacity
workers, unemployment, health care, protection of motherhood
and childhood, and other social risks. The importance of addressing a
social protection of population is so large that in the modern world, their definition,
as the choice of form of state guarantees for the protection of civil rights upon the occurrence of
social risk, have become subject to regulation by international organizations and
agreements (International Labour Organization. Declaration of Human Rights) and are
part to be protected by the State of Human Rights by virtue of international norms

 
own right. The state - to ensure a minimum guaranteed level of protection
social interests of citizens by introducing or compulsory social
insurance and / or software, or the delineation of public regulation
compulsory insurance and private insurance, involving participation in mandatory
social insurance, private insurance companies.

In determining the main directions of the risk management system state
regulation defines the forms of organization of insurance relations and sets
obligatory participation of insurers in the compulsory social insurance and other types of
compulsory insurance.

For transition countries the introduction of compulsory insurance has a significant
value This is due to the following reasons. For the Economy in Transition
period is characterized by reduction of direct state involvement in providing social
public assistance and compensation for loss, for various reasons
assets as businesses and organizations, and communities. Nevertheless objectively
must provide the formation of the system, replacement provided was
earlier state guarantees, based at the same market-based operation
economy. Introduction of compulsory insurance, especially the kinds of social
insurance and mandatory liability insurance, which purpose
is to redress the harm caused to the property interests of the citizens of
with their lives and health, to create a belong to any sources of compensation
victims.

However, the transfer of commercial insurance companies the most important public functions,
related to social protection, requires the formation of public
supervision of insurance companies.  It is this circumstance
the reason for the establishment of the state of general and uniform rules for the implementation of
insurance business by private insurance.

A special feature of the insurance operations is the inversion of the life cycle: in return
insurance premium, the policyholder receives from the insurer’s obligation to pay insurance
payment when an insured event, therefore, the sale of insurance
services and the contract of insurance - only the beginning of the production process, and
not its conclusion. The final cost of the insurance liabilities will be known only
when an insured event. This differs from other types of insurance
production activity, where sales tovfa or service takes place simultaneously
with its payment the consumer. For this reason, the State requires the empowerment of insurance
significant funding, which are a guarantee of performance
Insurer obligations on insurance payments on insurance contracts. Check financial
the future viability of the insurance company, as well as other mandatory
terms of the insurance activities are subject to financial and administrative
control by the state. General requirements for the emergence of special
capacity to carry out insurance activities are the basis for licensing
insurance companies. In the future, the State monitors compliance
insurers claims of financial stability and solvency, which
based on the regulation of the state order formation and investing country

 
hovschikami of insurance reserves, reserve estimates and Solvency
other parameters of financial health insurance organization.

In order to ensure public oversight of insurance companies
State gives specific authority of state executive power special
of authority to ensure compliance with the requirements of insurance
legislation governing the activities of insurance companies. In international
practice of insurance supervision function in different countries perform various organs
State executive authority that can act as an independent body
executive. Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Interior. Central
Bank and other.

The main objectives of Insurance Supervisors:

- Licensing of insurance activity
- Registration and licensing of insurance brokers
- Monitoring the formation and investing insurance reserves
- Control over the availability margin (reserve) to pay
- Monitoring compliance with the conditions of compulsory insurance, if provided
legislation (compliance with the conditions of insurance and the size
insurance rates).
In connection with the development of international trade in insurance services of increasing importance
acquire unification of methods of state regulation of insurance activities
in different countries. To this end, the International Association of
Insurance Supervisors, established in 1994, initiated the development of international
standards for regulating trade insurance services, which aim at selecting
prudential supervision of insurance practices, which form the basis of national
policy of insurance supervision in different countries. The solution to this problem involves the establishment
key quantitative and qualitative parameters of the requirements of Insurance Supervisors
in the financial and administrative regulation, among which can
include: requirements for the minimum charter capital of insurance companies,
procedure for calculating the margin (reserve) solvency of insurers, the formation of insurance
reserves, investment of insurance reserves, regulation of reinsurance
operations, requirements for the activities of insurance intermediaries and other methods. Output
and the adoption of such standards would greatly facilitate the task of insurance supervision
the activities of insurers, both domestic and foreign, admitted to
conduct insurance business in the domestic market, will make transparent and
uniform minimum standard requirements for worldwide insurance
economy in the activities of insurers to provide insurance services.

Recently, in connection with the convergence of insurance and banking activities, merging
financial, banking and insurance institutions to ensure financial sustainability
insurance companies depends largely on the financial stability of banks, investment
companies and other financial institutions. This makes changes in priorities
and methods of insurance supervision, the imposition of additional requirements
calculation of the solvency margin, the prohibition of combining banking and insurance activities
one subject, and other methods. In some countries, to solve this problem
formed oversight bodies, both endowed with powers of control over the banking,
insurance activities and the activities of operators in the stock market.

A strenuous globalization of the world insurance sector, the expansion of cross-border
trade in insurance and reinsurance services, the inclusion of insurance services in transition

 
ry services, international trade, which governs the rules and regulations of the World
Trade Organization, complementary tasks of state regulation of national
insurance market issues related to formulirsyuashmm conditions de5ggeln0sti
inoeptinyh insurance companies, reinsurers, insurance intermediaries and other
organizations that are affiliated to insurance services on a national
territory. The regulation of access of foreign companies must comply with
World Trade Organization, which involve no discrimination
market access for foreign operators from various foreign countries, as well as
contribute to the elimination of discriminatory restrictions on the activities of foreign
companies in the domestic market compared with national insurers. In
accordance with WTO rules among these discriminatory restrictions include:
prohibiting the establishment of captive insurance companies and / or ofanichenie share of foreign participation
companies in a certain percentage, not allowing to establish full control
above the established company, the prohibition on certain types of insurance
(Eg, life insurance, mandatory insurance, etc.); ban
or discriminatory restrictions on foreign perestrahovschik9v; establishment
state monopoly on the conduct of insurance and reinsurance, the establishment
mandatory reinsurance in the state reinsurance company
and other measures.

The national system of compulsory insurance is crucial
dlya.obespecheniya interests of victims of citizens regardless of their
situation. We have already noted earlier in the principles of the use of compulsory
Insurance abroad, and the same is dedicated to the content of the principles of mandatory insurance
in the Federation - most types of compulsory insurance is associated
insurance the insurer’s responsibility for injury to property interests
third parties, their life, health or property, or life insurance and health
in favor of third parties (eg insurance of workers and employees from accidents
employer’s expense). Thus, the main purpose of the national
insurance system - the maintenance of social welfare in society and
welfare of citizens and their families.

For countries with economies in transition, the value of compulsory insurance is extremely
large. This is due to change in the principles and forms of state support for citizens
upon the occurrence of adverse events. Reduced government spending on
objectives of social support inevitably generates the need to replace direct
state financial aid to victims from other sources. So
source becomes a system of compulsory insurance, which is ensuring the participation of
insurance policyholders in the set, protects the interests of victims and insurance
payments within the amounts established by the laws on compulsory insurance.
However, the system of compulsory insurance, based on the participation of private commercial
organizations can function smoothly only if the insurance
tariffs are generally established in the laws on compulsory insurance, are calculated
with a real assessment of insurance risks accepted and provided
the sums insured on the basis of which calculates the amount of insurance payments.

(4) voluntary insurance other than social - is a form of governance
micro-economic risks inherent in economic activities of individual
business entities, as well as the activities and lives of citizens in society.
Voluntary participation in insurance means that through the transfer of risk from the insured
insurer in accordance with the terms of the insurance contract is based on
the free will of the parties and the harmonization of the essential contract
insurance.

If the insured only limitation to the conclusion of voluntary insurance
is the full civil capacity, then the insurer the right to conclude
insurance contract arises as a consequence of the special standing of the insurer,
certain state license. This special capacity
occurs for each individual type of insurance named in the
license.

Voluntary will of the parties to transfer risk on the basis of the concluded contract
insurance must be in accordance with the requirements of civil
legislation to the insurance contract, particularly with regard to mandatory, binding
standards. For example, it was found that the insurance contract may be concluded
only in writing, or that the liability insurance contract
for failure to perform obligations under civil contract can be
concluded only if such insurance is permitted by a special federal
law and other rules.
In addition to the restrictions and requirements of a legal nature to a contract voluntarily
insurance, there are limits to economic origin. Not everyone
risk can be insured by virtue of the nature of risk - such exceptions are:
risks of terrorism, to a large extent - political risks, war risks, commercial
risks and other non-insurance risks. Equally, the possibility of contract
insurance affects the possibility of assessing the insurance risk, the completeness of the information
to be insured object, the value of the sum insured and the maximum amount of
possible loss and so on. The final decision on the possibility of concluding a treaty
insurance is the result of the process of underwriting in the insurance company. Only
the form of voluntary insurance, the report concludes that the insurer has no right
deny to the insured - a contract of personal insurance. The Civil Code established
(Article 927) that the contract of personal insurance is public, ie insurer has
right to refuse a contract of life insurance, insurance against accidents
cases, and health insurance. Terms and conditions of insurance, particularly significant
insurance contract as defined by civil legislation, are subject to
mutual agreement of the parties, but the insurer is entitled to conduct
or that kind of personal insurance, has no right to deny the insured in custody
insurance contract, even if the individual characteristics of risk are
extremely poor: elderly age, presence of chronic diseases, high
susceptibility to certain diseases and other.

Thus, forms of organization of insurance relations are derived from
characteristics and consequences of risks to be managed in order to ensure continuity
social reproduction and social stability of society.
To ensure the harmonization of the national insurance system shape the organization
insurance relations should be mutually complementary.

Introduction of compulsory insurance associated with coercion of the insured to the conclusion
contract of insurance, inability to change the basic conditions of insurance,
the mandatory participation of the insured in the insurance relationship, in
also in part payment of premiums by reason of the choice of forms of organization of insurance
relations associated with the management of those or other risks, is one of the
functions of state regulation of insurance market.